TUMOR MARKER

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تومور مارکر ها
USES
TUMOR MARKER	ASSOCIATED CANCER(S)	USUAL SAMPLE	SCREEN	HELP DIAGNOSE	STAGE	DETERMINE PROGNOSIS	GUIDE CHOICE OF TREATMENT	MONITOR SUCCESS OF TREATMENT & DETECT RECURRENCE	COMMENTS
AFP (Alpha-feto protein)	Certain cancers of the liver, ovariesand testes	Blood		X				X	Also elevated during pregnancyand acute and chronic hepatitis
B2M (Beta-2 microglobulin)	Multiple myeloma,chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and somelymphomas	Blood, urine,CSF				X		X	Elevated in other conditions, such as kidney disease
*BCR-ABL*	*Chronic myleloid leukemia (CML)and BCR-ABL-positive acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)*	Blood, bone marrow		X				X
CA 15-3 (Cancer antigen 15-3)	Breast	Blood						X	Also elevated in other cancers, including lung,ovarian as well asbenign breast conditions, endometriosis,hepatitis; CA 15-3 or CA 27.29 are two differentassays for same marker
CA 19-9 (Cancer antigen 19-9)	Pancreatic, sometimes bile ducts, gallbladder, stomach, colon	Blood						X	Also elevated in other forms of digestive tract cancer and non-cancer, thyroid disease,pancreatitis, bile duct obstruction, and inflammatory bowel disease
CA-125 (Cancer antigen 125)	Ovarian	Blood		X				X	Also elevated with other cancers such as endometrial, peritoneal, fallopian tube, and non-cancers such as endometriosis,PID, some otherbenign diseases and conditions such as uterine fibroids,pregnancy
CA-242 ( Cancer Antigen 242)	Gastrointestinal cancer	Blood							To diagnosis and management of patients with known or suspected gastrointestinal carcinoma
CA 27.29 Cancer Antigen 27.29 or Carbohydrate Antigen 27.29	Breast** (best used to detect recurrence or metastasis). Colon, gastric, liver, lung, pancreatic, ovarian, prostate cancers								Ovarian cysts, liver and kidney disorders, non-cancerous (benign) breast problems
Calcitonin	Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) and C-cell hyperplasia	Blood		X				X	Also elevated with other cancers, such as lung cancers andleukemias, but not used to detect these
CEA (Carcino-embryonic antigen)	Colorectal as well as pancreatic, lung,breast, ovarian, medullary thyroid or other cancers	Blood			X	X		X	Elevated in conditions such asRA, hepatitis, COPD, colitis,pancreatitis, and in cigarette smokers
Chromogranin A(CgA)	Neuroendocrinetumors (carcinoid tumors, neuroblastoma)	Blood		X				X	May be most sensitive tumor marker for carcinoid tumors
Fibrin/Fibrinogen	Bladder	Urine						X
F-PSA (Free Human Prostate Specific Antigen)	Prostate Cancer	Blood							improve specificity of prostate cancer screening
Gastrin	G-cell hyperplasia, gastrin-producing tumor (gastrinoma)	Blood		X				X	Also used to help diagnoseZollinger-Ellison syndrome
hCG (Human chorionic gonadotropin, also called Beta-hCG)	Testicular and trophoblastic disease, germ celltumors, choriocarcinoma	Blood, urine		X				X	Elevated inpregnancy
HE4 (Human epididymis protein 4)	Ovarian Cancer	Blood							Usefull for monitoring recurrence or progressive diseas.in patient with epithelial ovarian cancer
HPV(human papillomavirus)	cervical cancer	Cervical cells & genital warts							Vulvar cancer Vaginal cancer Penile cancer Anal cancer Oropharyngeal cancers (cancers of the back of the throat, including the base of the tongue and tonsils) also can be evaluated
*JAK2* mutation	Certain types of leukemia	Blood, bone marrow		X					Also used to diagnose bone marrow disorderscharacterized by overproduction of one or more types of blood cells known asmyeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs), especially polycythemia vera (PV)
*KRAS* mutation	Colorectal, non-small cell lung cancer	Tissue				X	X		Helps determine whether treatment with targeted therapy is appropriate
LDH (Lactate dehydrogenase)	Testicular and othergerm cell tumors	Blood			X	X		X	LDH is elevated in a wide variety of conditions and is often used to help identify the cause and location of tissue damage in the body and to monitor its progress; may be used in other cancers, such aslymphoma, melanoma, neuroblastoma.
M2PK (M2-Pyrovat Kinase	Colorectal (bowel) cancer	stool							bleeding or non-bleeding bowel cancers, as well as polyps
Monoclonal immunoglobulins Bence-Jones Proteins	Multiple myelomaand Waldenstroms macroglobulinemia	Blood, urine urine		X				X	Cloned plasma cell with overproduction of one type of immunoglobulin, usually detected by protein electrophoresis orserum free light chains
NMP 22 (urinetest)	Bladder cancer								BPH (benign prostatic hypertrophy), prostatitis
NSE (Neuron-specific Enolase)	Small cell lung cancer, neuroblastoma	Blood or CSF							That can elevate in Proton pump inhibitor treatment, hemolytic anemia, hepatic failure, end stage renal failure, brain injury, seizure, stroke
PAP Prostatic Acid Phosphatase	Metastatic prostate cancer** Myeloma, lung cancer, osteogenic sarcoma								Prostatitis, Gaucher\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'s disease, osteoporosis, cirrhosis, hyperparathyroidism, prostatic hypertrophy
Pro-Grp (Pro-gastrin-releasing peptide)	small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC)	Blood							For follow up of patients with small cell lung cancer
PSA (Prostate specific antigen)	Prostate	Blood	X	X				X	May be used to screen men at high risk due to family history; no consensus on use to screenasymptomaticmen; also elevated in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), prostatitis, and with increasing age
SCC (Squamous Cell Carcinoma(SCC)Antigen)	Squamous cell carcinoma	Blood							Can be used as an aid to stage the carcinoma and determine the response to treatment
S100 proteins	Malignantmelanoma	Blood							Usefull for diagnosis
Thyroglobulin	Thyroid	Blood,tissue						X	Used after thyroid is removed to evaluate treatment
Urine Catecholamines: VMA Vanillylmandelic Acid (24 hour collection of urine; it is a catecholamine metabolite)	Neuroblastoma Pheochromocytoma, ganglioneuroma, rhabdomyosarcoma, PNET								Dietary intake (bananas, vanilla, tea, coffee, ice cream, chocolate), medications (tetracyclines, methyldopa, MAOIs)